Albanvale VIC 3021

Located in Victoria, Albanvale sits 28 km from Melbourne CBD, around 32 minutes by car. The suburb has 5,641 residents, a median age of 37, and a median household income of $66,508 per year. On socioeconomic measures it sits in the bottom 20% nationally. Population grew 2.7% from 2016 to 2021. The 2021 Census recorded a median rent of $325 per week and a median monthly mortgage of $1,500. The area shows high bushfire risk. All 1 school within the suburb boundary rank above the state average, and walkability is high.

Is Albanvale a good suburb?

Albanvale scores a D (31/100) on SuburbScan's Liveability grade — strong on transit, weaker on safety and community.

Schools

Mixed results

1 school · 1 above peer schools

Transit

Very walkable

Walkability 79/100 · 28 km · 32 min drive to Melbourne

Prices

Around the state median

Median $680K

Safety

High bushfire risk

Fire 96/100 · Crime 51/100 · Flood 33/100

Community

Highly disadvantaged

SEIFA decile 1/10 · median age 37 · 5,641 residents

D

Liveability Rating

31 / 100 · Ranked #705 in VIC

Each bar is Albanvale's rank among VIC suburbs, from 0 to 100 (higher is better). Scored on 4 of 5 factors: no school data, so the other factors carry its weight.

Schools quality no data
too few schools to rate
Safety
14
Bushfire High · Crime Moderate · Flood Low
Socio-economic
3
Very disadvantaged
Walkability
76
Walkable
CBD access
75
28.0 km · 32 min drive to Melbourne
How it's calculated: Safety rank 14 × 25% + Socio-economic rank 3 × 25% + Walkability rank 76 × 15% + CBD access rank 75 × 10% = 31 / 100. Missing components rebalance the remaining weights.

How do you rate the liveability in Albanvale?

Local knowledge beats any dataset. Rate it and see what other residents think.

Our score

31 / 100

From schools, safety and socio-economic data — not opinion.

Residents say

…

AwfulPoorAverageGoodGreat
What applies here? (optional)

One rating per person. You can change yours at any time.

Median House Price

Public listings data

Albanvale's house market is moving lower: the median sale price reached $680,000, about 1% below where it sat a year earlier.

Houses

$680,000

last 6 quarters

4% below its 5 neighbours (median $711,500)

↓ −1.0% year-on-year

Based on 79 recorded sales in the last 24 months.

Typically sold in 25 days — median across 43 sales that recorded a listing period

By bedrooms

  • 3 bed 60 sales $660K
  • 4 bed 15 sales $740K

Units

$540,000

Based on only 6 sales — small sample, take as indicative.

Currently for Sale

Last 6 months

Houses in Albanvale are currently listed at around $682,000 on average. Based on 23 houses listed in the past six months.

$682K

last 3 months
↑ +1.1% vs previous 6 months from $675K
Since 2022: $628K → $679K (+8%)

23 houses listed in the last 6 months.

23 of the suburb's 1,807 dwellings (1.3%) were listed for sale in the last 6 months.

Rental Market

Advertised rents · last 6 months

Houses in Albanvale rent for around $500 a week on average, based on 19 houses listed for rent in the past six months.

$500/wk

last 3 months

6% below its 5 neighbours (median $530/wk)

↑ +4.2% vs previous 6 months from $480/wk
Since 2021: $352/wk → $500/wk (+42%)

19 houses advertised for rent in the last 6 months.

19 rentals advertised against an estimated 437 rented homes (4.3%) in the last 6 months.

Rental affordability

June quarter 2025

143 Acceptable · the average rental household in this region would pay about 21% of its income on the median rent in postcode 3021.

SGS Rental Affordability Index: a score of 100 means rent takes 30% of income, the usual housing-stress line; lower scores are less affordable. "Region" is the capital city or the rest of the state.

Gross rental yield

Indicative
House
3.8% around the typical range

$500/week ($26,000 a year) on a $682,000 median

Gross yield — before strata, rates, management, insurance and vacancy. Calculated from median advertised rents and median asking prices over the last 6 months. How we calculate.

Short-Stay Rentals

4 active Airbnb listings: 2 whole homes and 2 rooms. Whole homes are about 0.1% of the suburb's homes.

Airbnb only, as at Jun 2026; other platforms are not included. Active means reviewed in the past 12 months. The share is against private dwellings at the 2021 Census.

Is Albanvale safe? Crime statistics

2026

Crime in Albanvale sits in the moderate band, with 216 incidents recorded in 2026 — up roughly 23% on the prior year.

216 offences

22.7% since 2025
Theft 93 (43.1%)
Assault 33 (15.3%)
Drug Offences 27 (12.5%)
Weapons Offences 16 (7.4%)
Break & Enter 15 (6.9%)
Property Damage 14 (6.5%)
Fraud & Deception 8 (3.7%)
Harassment & Stalking 6 (2.8%)
Arson 3 (1.4%)
Robbery 1 (0.5%)

Crime Trend

Serious Road Crashes

2021–2025

4 crashes

where someone was killed or admitted to hospital

Crashes are counted where they happened, so a main road through the suburb carries people passing through; this is not a measure of risk to residents. Roads are listed with 3 or more serious crashes.

Schools

One school serve Albanvale, and the cohort skews above peer-suburb performance. Albanvale Primary School leads the pack.

62
out of 100
Average
1 school in this suburb
1 above similar
  • • 313 students in one school (avg 313)

Primary

Government · Prep-6 · 313 students
ICSEA 950 (higher than 25% of Australian schools) · 4% top-SEA students
Above similar

Walkability

Albanvale is very walkable on foot — at 79/100, most daily errands can be done on foot.

79
out of 100
Very Walkable
Top 7% in VIC
Public Transport within 1 km 72
Schools within 1.5 km 100
Parks within 800 m 60
Supermarkets within 1 km 100
GPs within 1 km 60
Pharmacies within 1 km 80
Childcare within 1 km 100
Hospitals within 5 km 60

Public transport

Weekday and weekend service frequency across every stop inside Albanvale.

76
out of 100
Bus
Peak (7-9am + 5-7pm)
43.5 arrivals/hr
Off-peak weekday
31.4 arrivals/hr
Saturday
28.0 arrivals/hr
Median peak wait
1 min
Span of service
15.5 hours

Scheduled service only, based on the 21 October 2026 timetable. Reliability (delays, cancellations) not measured.

NBN connectivity

The internet access technology available across NBN premises in Albanvale.

76
connectivity score / 100
Top 15% in VIC
Most common
Hybrid fibre-coaxial (cable)
Full-fibre (FTTP) share
2%
Premises covered
2,010
Technology mix
Hybrid fibre-coaxial (cable) (HFC) 98%
Fibre to the premises (FTTP) 2%

NBN Co fixed-line and fixed-wireless premises, as at 30 December 2025. Higher-quality technologies (full fibre) score above copper, wireless, and satellite. Actual speeds depend on your plan.

Amenities

Supermarkets
None
Shopping Centres
None
Cafes & Restaurants
None
Parks & Reserves
1 in suburb
Sport & Recreation
None
Beaches
None
Waterways
None
Childcare
4 in suburb
GPs
None
Pharmacies
None
Hospitals
None
Police Stations
None
Banks & Bank@Post
None
Fuel Stations
1 in suburb
EV Chargers
None
Pubs & Bars
None
Arts & Culture
None
Places of Worship
1 in suburb

Brimbank: council population

The whole council area, not just Albanvale · estimated residents
at 30 June 2025
Residents
198,181
+0.3% in a year
Change
+683
people since 2024
Density
1,606
people per km² across the council area
What drove the change
Natural increase
+1,086
births minus deaths
Net internal migration
-3,534
moves within Australia
Net overseas migration
+3,131
arrivals minus departures

The three add up to the change above. These are council-wide figures from the ABS, not figures for this suburb alone — this suburb's own population is in the census section above.

Socio-economic profile

ABS SEIFA · ranked against every suburb in Australia, and within the state
2021 census
Advantage and disadvantage
1/10
1/10 within VIC
income, education, jobs and housing together
Economic resources
2/10
1/10 within VIC
income against housing cost and household size
Education and occupation
1/10
1/10 within VIC
qualifications and job type, income excluded
How evenly that is spread

The ABS scores 14 small areas inside this suburb and averages them into the single decile above. They fall into 2 different deciles — a narrow range, so the average describes the suburb closely.

Albanvale is home to about 5,600 residents, with a median age of 37, broadly in line with the national figure. Median household income runs at $67,000 a year, with unemployment at 10.1%.

2021 Census · change since 2016

Population

5,641

2.7% since 2016

Median Age

37

2.8% since 2016

Median Household Income

$66,508/yr

15.3% since 2016

Census Median Rent

$325/wk

8.3% since 2016

Census Median Mortgage

$1,500/mo

11.0% since 2016

Avg Household Size

2.9

3.3% since 2016

Median Personal Income

$25,376/yr

11.4% since 2016

Unemployment Rate

10.1%

11.4% since 2016

Unoccupied Dwellings

5.3%

12.8% since 2016

Total Dwellings

1,807

4.1% since 2016

Owner-Occupier Rate

75.8%

2.3% since 2016

Houses

96.1%

1.3% since 2016

Rental Stress

25.4%

6.3% since 2016

Mortgage Stress

27.1%

3.6% since 2016

Work From Home

14.8%

516.7% since 2016

Dwelling Types

Houses 1,736 (96.1%)
Townhouses 40 (2.2%)
Flats / Apartments 31 (1.7%)

Property Ownership

Owned Outright 669 (38.4%)
Mortgage 651 (37.4%)
Renting 421 (24.2%)
Of those rentals, social housing 63 (15.0%)

54 rented from a state or territory housing authority and 9 from a community housing provider, as a share of the 421 rented dwellings above — not of all dwellings.

Demographics

Born in Australia
40.6%
English Spoken at Home
28.5%
Employment Rate
45.4%
1.1% since 2016
Completed Year 12
41.2%

Occupations

Labourers 389 (18.6%)
Technicians & Trades 334 (16.0%)
Machinery Operators & Drivers 303 (14.5%)
Professionals 243 (11.6%)
Community & Personal Service 232 (11.1%)
Clerical & Administrative 219 (10.5%)
Sales 185 (8.9%)
Managers 99 (4.7%)

Religion

Christianity 2,662 (47.2%)
No Religion 1,097 (19.4%)
Buddhism 773 (13.7%)
Islam 448 (7.9%)
Other Religions 124 (2.2%)
Sikhism 114 (2.0%)
Hinduism 104 (1.8%)

Country of Birth (overseas)

Largest overseas birthplaces, as a share of all residents.

Vietnam 964 (17.1%)
Philippines 217 (3.8%)
Myanmar 206 (3.7%)
India 190 (3.4%)
New Zealand 69 (1.2%)
Pakistan 49 (0.9%)
China 44 (0.8%)
Malaysia 43 (0.8%)

When They Arrived

Share of all residents by the year they arrived in Australia. Periods cover different numbers of years, so compare the shape rather than the bar widths.

2016-2021 371 (6.6%)
2011-2015 418 (7.4%)
2001-2010 635 (11.3%)
1991-2000 473 (8.4%)
1981-1990 430 (7.6%)
Before 1981 581 (10.3%)

371 residents (6.6%) arrived since 2016. Australia’s borders were closed to most arrivals from March 2020, so the last two years of that period are much smaller than the ones before them — nationally 260,799 people arrived in 2019 against 28,521 in 2021.

Where New Residents Came From

Where residents aged five and over lived five years before the 2021 Census, for those who lived somewhere else.

Overseas 293 (5.5%)
Melbourne - North West 55 (1.0%)
Melbourne - Inner 47 (0.9%)

Top places newcomers came from, as a share of the 5,301 residents aged five and over. Areas are ABS statistical regions. Small counts are approximate: the ABS adjusts every figure slightly to protect privacy.

Languages Spoken at Home

Top languages other than English, as a share of all residents.

Vietnamese 750 (13.3%)
Arabic 63 (1.1%)
Spanish 55 (1.0%)
Punjabi 53 (0.9%)
Serbian 41 (0.7%)
Turkish 40 (0.7%)
Cantonese 39 (0.7%)
Greek 36 (0.6%)

Age Distribution

0-4 340 (6.0%)
5-14 712 (12.6%)
15-19 323 (5.7%)
20-24 375 (6.6%)
25-34 847 (15.0%)
35-44 768 (13.6%)
45-54 667 (11.8%)
55-64 663 (11.8%)
65-74 655 (11.6%)
75-84 246 (4.4%)
85+ 51 (0.9%)

Family & Household Composition

Couple Families 658 (44.9%)
One Parent Families 389 (26.6%)
Lone Person 327 (22.3%)
Group Household 57 (3.9%)
Other Families 33 (2.3%)

Commute to Work

Car (driver) 1,321 (72.2%)
Worked from Home 270 (14.8%)
Car (passenger) 135 (7.4%)
Train 78 (4.3%)
Bus 19 (1.0%)
Walked Only 3 (0.2%)
Bicycle 3 (0.2%)

12% of employed residents work in a capital's city centre (258 of 2,086).

City centre: the ABS area around each capital's CBD, such as Sydney Inner City or Perth City (which takes in Subiaco and Leederville). 2021 Census place of work.

Local Jobs

People who work in this suburb against employed people who live here, 2021 Census.

About 264 people work here; 2,086 employed residents live here.

Mostly a place people commute from: 0.1 jobs per working resident. At least 87% of employed residents must work outside the suburb.

Counts are by place of work and place of usual residence. The ABS counts jobs in zones; where a zone spans several places, its jobs are shared out by land use. The ABS also adjusts every figure slightly to protect privacy.

Education

Certificate III & IV 600 (10.6%)
Bachelor Degree 439 (7.8%)
Advanced Diploma / Diploma 342 (6.1%)
Postgraduate Degree 108 (1.9%)
Graduate Diploma / Certificate 44 (0.8%)

Cars per Dwelling

0 cars 109 (6.1%)
1 car 594 (33.4%)
2 cars 718 (40.4%)
3 cars 250 (14.1%)
4+ cars 103 (5.8%)

Council Rates

Brimbank
FY 2024-25

Households face an average residential rates bill of $1,847 a year through Brimbank based on 2024 figures.

Avg residential rate
$1,847/yr
5% below the VIC average of $1,937 · median of 79 councils
Rate in the dollar
0.302¢ / $
of property valuation
Valuation basis
Capital Improved Value
land + buildings

How this land is zoned

Share of Albanvale's area by planning zone
2026-09
  • Residential 87%
  • Parks and recreation 11%
  • Infrastructure and transport 2%

Zoning sets what may be built, not what is there today. A single address can sit in a different zone to the suburb around it — the property page shows the zone for one address.

Building Approvals: Brimbank

The whole council area, not just Albanvale · new residential dwellings
to 2026-08

In the year to August 2026, 670 new dwellings were approved across Brimbank. That mix is 233 houses and 437 units. Approvals are up 39.7% on the same period a year earlier.

Trailing 12 months
670dwellings
+39.7% YoY
Houses
233
detached dwellings
Units
437
townhouses + apartments

New Homes Planned

New homes planned in this suburb: 180 homes

  • Projects firmly planned 180 homes

From the Victorian Government's Urban Development Program: growth-area land and approved lots (metropolitan 2025, regional June 2024) and projects of 10 or more homes in Melbourne (2025), by stage. Lots and homes are counted as published; a lot usually becomes one home.

Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

The Registered Aboriginal Party for this area is Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung Cultural Heritage Aboriginal Corporation (appointed 2008).

Registered Aboriginal Parties are appointed by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 as the primary guardians, keepers and knowledge holders of Aboriginal cultural heritage for their area. They are the body to contact about cultural heritage here.

Air Quality

This station does not measure fine particles (PM2.5).

PM10 averaged 23.2 µg/m³. Days over the limit in 2025: PM10 12.

From the Brooklyn monitoring station, 10.9 km away.

Climate & Setting

from Melbourne Airport, 10.6 km

Moderate rainfall — hot summers, mild winters.

Elevation
73 m
above sea level, at the suburb centre
Distance to the ocean
14.8 km
Near high-voltage lines
4.7% of addresses
100 within 100 m of an overhead line of 110 kV or more
Annual rainfall
518 mm
81 rainy days
Summer max (Jan)
26.7°C
12 days ≥ 35°C
Winter min (Jul)
6.0°C
1 frost days ≤ 0°C

Elevation is the ground at the suburb centre, from Geoscience Australia's National Digital Elevation Model. Approximate — it reads high in dense built-up areas. It is a measure of height above sea level and not an indicator of flood risk, which depends on height above nearby waterways.

Industrial Emissions Nearby

9 facilities within 5 km

EV adoption

0.5%
of light vehicles are electric
Up from 0.02% in 2021
+0.2 points this year

In postcode 3021, 161 of 35,672 registered light vehicles are battery-electric on 31 January 2025. A further 3.8% (1,362 vehicles) are hybrid or plug-in hybrid, taking the non-petrol, non-diesel share to 4.3%.

Electric share, year by year
2021
0.02%
2022
0.03%
2023
0.12%
2024
0.26%
2025
0.45%

Rooftop solar

27
systems per 100 dwellings
Averaging 5.4 kW each

In postcode 3021, 5,278 rooftop-solar systems totalling 28.4 MW have been installed since 2001, against 19,237 dwellings recorded in the 2021 Census. 253 went up in the last year.

Counts every system certified since 2001, so a roof re-fitted with a newer system is counted twice, and small commercial systems are included alongside houses — useful for comparing postcodes, not an estimate of how many homes have working panels today.

Systems installed, year by year
2019
332
2020
418
2021
536
2022
275
2023
303
2024
356
2025
300
2026
125

2026 covers part of the year only, to 2026-07.

First Home Owner Grant

FY2026-27

$10,000 for new homes priced up to $750,000.

The separate First Home Buyer Duty Reduction (stamp-duty concession) runs alongside this grant.

15 first-home grants were paid in postcode 3021 in 2025-26, rank 63 of 298 Victorian postcodes. The most was 680, in 2001-02.

2000-01 to 2025-26

Grants on new and established homes; established homes stopped qualifying in mid-2013.

Verify eligibility with State Revenue Office Victoria

Mortgage repayments

I'm looking for
Deposit
$
%
Monthly repayment
$3,546
Loan amount
$544,000
Total interest over 30 years
$732,730

1 mortgage broker is registered in this suburb, 16 across postcode 3021.

Deposit
$136,000
Stamp duty
$35,870
Cash needed at settlement
$171,870

Land transfer duty at the owner-occupier rate, and it excludes first home buyer concessions — those can cut it substantially or remove it entirely. Excludes legal, inspection and lender fees. Check with State Revenue Office Victoria

The First Home Owner Grant applies to newly built homes only, so it isn't available on an established purchase. A first home buyer building or buying new under $750,000 may qualify for $10,000 — see what qualifies with State Revenue Office Victoria.

Principal and interest over 30 years, fixed rate. Excludes fees, offset, redraw and LMI. Default rate is the median comparison rate across 1788 advertised products as at 2026-10-27 — indicative only, and not an offer. Your rate depends on the lender, your deposit and your circumstances. Not financial advice.

Federal Electorate

Division of Gorton

Currently held by Alice Jordan-Baird Australian Labor Party

Year Winner 2PP ALP 2PP LNP Swing
2025 Alice Jordan-Baird 60.3% 39.7% +0.3
2022 Brendan O'Connor 60.0% 40.0% +4.3
2019 Brendan O'Connor 65.4% 34.6% +3.1

Results are per division — federal electoral boundaries are redrawn periodically, so the history reflects this division's past, not necessarily the exact suburb's voters across time.

State Electorate

Kororoit District

Currently held by Luba Grigorovitch Australian Labor Party - Victorian Branch

Next state election: 28 November 2026.

Year Winner Won with 2PP ALP 2PP LNP
2022 Luba Grigorovitch ALP 53.1% 64.2% 35.8%
2018 Marlene Kairouz ALP 63.5% 75.7% 24.4%
2014 Marlene Kairouz ALP 60.3% 70.0% 30.0%

Results are per district. Districts were last redrawn in 2021, so results from before then describe the district of that name, not necessarily this suburb's voters. Results: Victorian Electoral Commission, CC BY 4.0.

Looking at a specific address in Albanvale?

Every figure above is a suburb average, and an average smooths over the difference between a street of family homes and a block of flats. Look up one address and you get the census for the few hundred people around it, its own nearest schools and stops, and what the state has mapped for that block.

Free to look up. Subscribers see every section in full — $29/month.

Featured in

Checking the whole city?

Suburbs to avoid in Melbourne There is no list of bad suburbs, but there are hazards the state measures and publishes — recorded crime, bushfire exposure, flood overlays and aircraft noise. Melbourne suburbs ranked on them, with what the numbers do and don't mean.

Nearby suburbs

Compare Albanvale to another suburb

Side-by-side stats for any other VIC suburb — type a name and pick one.

Or jump straight to a nearby comparison:

Common questions about Albanvale

Is Albanvale a safe place to live?

Recorded crime in Albanvale is moderate (51/100, ranked against other VIC suburbs on offences per resident).

What natural hazards affect Albanvale?

Albanvale has a high recorded bushfire history (96/100, ranked against every Australian suburb with any fire history). Flood overlays cover a low share of it (33/100). These are suburb-wide figures; check the address, as flood and bushfire exposure change street by street.

Is Albanvale a good place to live?

Albanvale has a SuburbScan Liveability grade of D (31/100), ranked against other VIC suburbs on school quality (25%), safety (25%), SEIFA socio-economic advantage (25%), walkability (15%) and CBD access (10%). Whether it suits you depends on what you weigh — each of those is on this page.

What is the population of Albanvale?

Albanvale, VIC had a population of 5,641 at the 2021 Australian Bureau of Statistics census.

What is the postcode for Albanvale, VIC?

The postcode for Albanvale, VIC is 3021.

How far is Albanvale from Melbourne?

Albanvale is 28 km from Melbourne CBD by road, about 32 minutes by car in normal traffic. Distance is the most-direct driving route, not straight-line.

What is the median household income in Albanvale?

At the 2021 ABS Census, median household income in Albanvale was $66,508 a year. It is the most recent suburb-level income figure until 2026 Census results are released in 2027.

What is the median weekly rent in Albanvale?

The median advertised rent in Albanvale is $500 a week for houses (19 listings), from rental listings over the last six months.

What is the median age in Albanvale?

The median age of residents in Albanvale was 37 at the 2021 ABS Census.

Is Albanvale at risk of bushfire?

Albanvale has a high recorded bushfire history (96/100). The score comes from Geoscience Australia's historical bushfire boundaries, with planned burns excluded: the area of recorded fires touching the suburb relative to its size, ranked against every Australian suburb with any fire history. It records where fire has burned, not a bushfire-prone land designation, which your council's planning scheme sets.

How are the schools in Albanvale?

There is 1 school inside the Albanvale boundary: 1 above similar schools on NAPLAN, compared with same-state, same-type schools of similar socio-educational advantage (ICSEA).

Is Albanvale walkable?

Albanvale scores 79/100 on the SuburbScan Walkability Score, making it very walkable. The score is a weighted average of public transport, schools, parks, supermarkets, GPs, pharmacies, childcare, and hospitals within walking distance.

What is the weather like in Albanvale?

At the nearest Bureau of Meteorology station to Albanvale, Melbourne Airport (10.6 km away), summer days average 26.7°C, winter nights 6°C, 518 mm of rain a year over 81 rainy days, and 12 days a year above 35°C over 2006-2026.

Is the First Home Owner Grant available in Albanvale?

First-home buyers in VIC may be eligible for $10,000 towards new homes with a purchase price up to $750,000. The grant is administered by State Revenue Office Victoria; confirm current eligibility before signing a contract — state rules and amounts can change.

What council does Albanvale belong to?

Albanvale sits within the Brimbank local government area. Council rates, planning approvals, and waste collection fall under this LGA.

How much are council rates in Albanvale?

The average residential rates bill through Brimbank is $1,847 a year (2024). Every suburb in this LGA shares the same schedule — individual bills vary with land value.

How much is being built near Albanvale?

Across Brimbank, 670 new residential dwellings were approved in the year to August 2026 (source: ABS Building Approvals). That's up 39.7% on the same period a year earlier. These are LGA-level totals — every suburb in the council shares the same figure.

Which federal electorate is Albanvale in?

Albanvale sits within the federal Division of Gorton, currently held by Alice Jordan-Baird (Australian Labor Party).

Search another suburb or address

Data freshness

Vintages show when each source's data is from. See all data sources.

Was the information on this page useful to you?

Information shown is provided as-is from Australian government and commercial data sources.
Always verify with the relevant authority before making property decisions.
See Data Sources and How We Calculate for details.

Save this page for later

We'll email you a link to this page so you can finish reading it on any device. We use your address once to send it and don't keep it.

or